📌 Khoảng 65.000 vệ tinh dự kiến sẽ chiếm 10% số vật thể sáng trên bầu trời tại vĩ độ 30-40 độ trong thời gian hoàng hôn. SpaceX và các công ty khác đang mở rộng megaconstellations, gây ra thách thức cho quan sát thiên văn với hàng nghìn dấu vệt ghi nhận được.
Ánh sáng từ vệ tinh làm lu mờ các ngôi sao, với 5.301 dấu vệt xuất hiện trên hình ảnh từ kính thiên văn Palomar. Các nhà khoa học và tổ chức quốc tế đề xuất giải pháp nhưng tìm kiếm biện pháp hiệu quả vẫn là vấn đề nan giải. Với hơn 1,7 triệu kế hoạch phóng vệ tinh đã được nộp từ 2023 đến 2029, ánh sáng nhân tạo từ vệ tinh chỉ có khả năng tăng lên, đòi hỏi phải có quy định rõ ràng để quản lý hoạt động của các vệ tinh độ thấp.
TOKYO -- A sharp increase in constellations of low-altitude satellites is transforming the night sky. Used mostly to facilitate high-speed communications, the satellites may soon account for 10% of the nighttime glow in the skies of Japan, South Korea and part of China, raising concerns about their interference with astronomical observations.
Samantha Lawler, an associate professor of astronomy at the University of Regina in Canada, said telescopes cannot avoid the effects of satellite glints, which often wash out starlight. She has been studying the history of the solar system through the observations of a region of small bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. Satellites shine the brightest when they are outside the Earth's shadow during twilight at dawn or dusk and receive sunlight directly.
Some 9,000 satellites are now orbiting around the world. Of those, at least 60% are communications satellites launched since 2020. Operating at altitudes of 2,000 kilometers or less, much lower than meteorological and other satellites, low-altitude constellations make high-speed internet services possible around the world.
Leading the megaconstellation business is SpaceX, a U.S. spacecraft manufacturer that has launched about 5,600 units over the past four and a half years, offering broadband access to more than 2.3 million people worldwide. Its British rival OneWeb has placed about 630 units in orbit, while Amazon began to launch its satellites in 2023.
SpaceX satellites appear to have caused serious problems with astronomical observations, producing streaks in astronomical images. Images taken by the wide-field telescope at the Palomar Observatory in the U.S. from November 2019 through September 2021 showed 5,301 trails.
"More than half of twilight observations collected by such a large sky survey as ZTF (Zwicky Transient Facility) may be affected by satellite trails," said Przemek Mroz, an astronomer at the University of Warsaw in Poland who leads a group tracking satellite streaks in astronomical images.
SpaceX plans to create a constellation of 42,000 satellites, while a Chinese company is set to launch 13,000. If all 65,000 satellites currently planned by major operators in the world are put in orbit, they will account for about 10% of the shining objects in the sky during twilight at the summer solstice and the spring and fall equinoxes in Japan and other places that lie at latitudes of 30 to 40 degrees, according to a simulation by Lawler and other experts.
The light pollution caused by artificial satellites is likely to worsen. The number of launch plans filed with the United Nations' International Telecommunication Union for a period between 2023 and 2029 has totaled 1.7 million, including projects with questionable feasibility.
Satellites have become indispensable to the lives of billions, with their importance certain to grow along with the spread of communications technologies for things like autonomous driving. This makes it harder to reconcile business and academic interests.
Following a demand by the International Astronomical Union that the brightness of satellites be kept below a certain level, satellite operators are studying various measures, including using sunshades or films to control reflections.
But it is not easy to control satellite glints. Sunshades could impede communication between satellites or produce atmospheric drag that would push spacecraft off course. SpaceX has opted to remove sunshades, insisting that they are "not a viable long-term solution."
Resolving the problem may require more than dialogue. "Not all countries and businesses are cooperative," said Masaaki Hiramatsu, an astronomer at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
Satoshi Sano of the Institute for International Socio-Economic Studies, an NEC-affiliated think tank, stressed the urgency of establishing clear rules for operating low-altitude satellites.
"The problems are basically the same as with environmental issues," Sano said. "If nothing is done, the situation will just get worse as developed nations launch more satellites haphazardly, followed by developing nations emulating their examples."