Trung Quốc dọa chặn đất hiếm từ Myanmar để ngăn quân nổi dậy KIA chiếm Bhamo: nguy cơ đứt gãy nguồn cung toàn cầu
Giao tranh dữ dội giữa quân nổi dậy Kachin Independence Army (KIA) và chính quyền quân sự Myanmar tại thị trấn chiến lược Bhamo, gần biên giới Trung Quốc, đang đe dọa nguồn cung toàn cầu về đất hiếm nặng – chiếm gần một nửa sản lượng toàn thế giới.
Trung Quốc – nước gần như độc quyền trong khâu tinh chế đất hiếm nặng – đã ra tối hậu thư yêu cầu KIA rút khỏi Bhamo, nếu không sẽ ngừng nhập khẩu đất hiếm từ vùng do lực lượng này kiểm soát. Lời đe dọa được đưa ra vào tháng 5/2025 trong các cuộc đàm phán giữa đại diện Bộ Ngoại giao Trung Quốc và KIA.
KIA tiếp tục chiến dịch quân sự, đẩy mạnh tấn công để chiếm Bhamo bất chấp sức ép. Họ cho rằng Trung Quốc khó thực sự dừng nhập khẩu vì nhu cầu cao với các nguyên tố như dysprosium và terbium – dùng trong xe điện và tua-bin gió.
Sản lượng đất hiếm xuất khẩu từ Myanmar sang Trung Quốc trong 5 tháng đầu năm 2025 chỉ đạt 12.944 tấn, giảm 50% so với cùng kỳ 2024, theo dữ liệu hải quan Trung Quốc. Tuy nhiên, lượng xuất khẩu tăng hơn 20% trong giai đoạn tháng 4 – tháng 5.
Sau khi KIA chiếm phần lớn vành đai khai thác đất hiếm tại bang Kachin từ tháng 10/2024, họ đã áp thuế cao hơn và siết chặt sản lượng, làm giá đất hiếm tăng mạnh trên thị trường quốc tế.
Bắc Kinh không tìm cách giải quyết toàn diện nội chiến Myanmar mà chỉ muốn ổn định khu vực gần biên giới để bảo vệ lợi ích kinh tế và địa chính trị. Họ đã từng gửi máy bay không người lái và hỗ trợ không quân cho quân đội Myanmar.
Hơn 5.000 quân KIA cùng đồng minh đang tham gia chiến dịch chiếm Bhamo. Nếu thành công, họ sẽ cô lập quân đội Myanmar khỏi các tuyến tiếp vận trọng yếu tại miền Bắc, cắt đường bộ và đường sông nối Bhamo với các khu vực chiến lược.
Không kích dữ dội của quân đội đã gây thiệt hại nặng nề tại Bhamo, khiến nhiều dân thường, bao gồm trẻ em, thiệt mạng. Nhà cửa, trường học và nơi thờ tự bị phá hủy, tạo ra cuộc khủng hoảng nhân đạo nghiêm trọng.
KIA tin rằng nếu kiểm soát toàn bộ bang Kachin, Trung Quốc sẽ buộc phải đàm phán trực tiếp với họ thay vì tiếp tục ủng hộ quân đội. Tuy nhiên, họ cũng đối mặt với nguy cơ bị phong tỏa kinh tế từ Trung Quốc.
Khủng hoảng tại Myanmar đang khiến chuỗi cung ứng đất hiếm toàn cầu rơi vào rủi ro cao. Chuyên gia cảnh báo thị trường thế giới có thể thiếu hụt nghiêm trọng vào cuối năm nếu xung đột không hạ nhiệt.
📌 Trung Quốc đang sử dụng “vũ khí đất hiếm” để gây áp lực lên quân nổi dậy KIA ở Myanmar nhằm bảo vệ chính quyền quân sự thân Bắc Kinh và duy trì ổn định chuỗi cung ứng. Từ đầu 2025, xuất khẩu đất hiếm từ Myanmar sang Trung Quốc giảm 50%, làm giá tăng vọt. Nếu KIA kiểm soát hoàn toàn Bhamo, Bắc Kinh có thể buộc phải thay đổi chính sách, trong khi thị trường thế giới đối mặt nguy cơ thiếu đất hiếm vào cuối năm.
A combination image shows a satellite image and a Google Earth image of an area in Bhamo town in northern Myanmar, which has seen months of fighting between the country's ruling junta and the Kachin Independence Army, an ethnic armed group since December 2024, in Bhamo, Myanmar, Decemeber 12, 2024 (L) and May 20, 2025 (R). 2025... Purchase Licensing Rights, opens new tabRead more
Summary
China wants KIA rebels to pull back from strategic town of Bhamo
Beijing threatens to halt rare-earth imports from KIA-controlled areas
China increasingly using dominance over critical minerals for geopolitical leverage
KIA presses ahead with offensive to take Bhamo
July 8 (Reuters) - The global supply of heavy rare earths hinges in part on the outcome of a months-long battle between a rebel army and the Chinese-backed military junta in the hills of northern Myanmar.
The Kachin Independence Army since December has been battling the junta over the town of Bhamo, less than 100 km (62 miles) from the Chinese border, as part of the civil war that erupted after the military's 2021 coup.
Nearly half the world's supply of heavy rare earths is extracted from mines in Kachin state, including those north of Bhamo, a strategically-vital garrison town. They are then shipped to China for processing into magnets that power electronic vehicles and wind turbines.
China, which has a near-monopoly over the processing of heavy rare earths, has threatened to halt buying the minerals mined in KIA-controlled territory unless the militia stops trying to seize full control of Bhamo, according to three people familiar with the matter.
The ultimatum issued by Chinese officials to the KIA in a meeting earlier this year, which is reported by Reuters for the first time, underscores how Beijing is wielding its control of the minerals to further its geopolitical aims.
One of the people, a KIA official, said the Chinese demand was made in May, without detailing where the discussions took place. Another person, a KIA commander, said Beijing was represented by foreign ministry officials at the talks.
Reuters could not determine whether China had carried out its threat. Fighting in the region has restricted mining operations and rare-earth exports from Myanmar have plunged this year.
China spooked global supply chains this spring when it restricted exports of the minerals in retaliation against U.S. President Donald Trump's tariffs. It is now using its dominance to shore up Myanmar's beleaguered junta, which China sees as a guarantor of its economic interests in its backyard.
China's foreign ministry said in response to Reuters' questions that it was not aware of the specifics of deliberations with the KIA.
"An early ceasefire and peace talks between the Myanmar military and the Kachin Independence Army are in the common interests of China and Myanmar as well as their people," a ministry spokesperson said.
A senior KIA general did not respond to a request for comment.
The KIA official, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive matters, said Beijing also offered a carrot: greater cross-border trade with KIA-controlled territories if the militia abandoned efforts to seize Bhamo, a logistics hub for the junta that's home to some 166,000 people.
"And if we did not accept, they would block exports from Kachin State, including rare-earth minerals," said the official, who did not elaborate on the consequences of an economic blockade.
Beijing is not seeking to resolve the wider civil war but it wants fighting to subside in order to advance its economic interests, said David Mathieson, an independent Myanmar-focused analyst.
"China's pressure is a more general approach to calming down the conflict."
The global supply of heavy rare earths hinges in part on the outcome of a months-long battle between Myanmar's ruling junta, which is backed by China, and the Kachin Independence Army.
DEFYING CHINA
The battle for Bhamo began soon after the KIA wrested control of the main rare-earths belt in Kachin last October. After its takeover, the KIA raised taxes on miners and throttled production of dysprosium and terbium, sending prices of the latter skyrocketing.
Supply has been squeezed, with Beijing importing 12,944 metric tons of rare-earth oxides and metals from Myanmar in the first five months of 2025, according to Chinese customs data. That is down half from the same period last year, though exports rose more than 20% between April and May.
The KIA, which analysts estimate has over 15,000 personnel, was founded in 1961 to fight for the autonomy of Myanmar's Kachin minority. Battle-hardened through decades of combat and funded by a combination of local taxation and natural resources, it is among the strongest of Myanmar's rebel groups.
The militia is confident of its ability to seize Bhamo and believes Beijing won't ultimately carry out its threat to stop exports due to its thirst for the minerals, two of the people said.
Myanmar has been in crisis since the military overthrew a democratically-elected government in 2021, violently quashing protests and sparking a nationwide armed rebellion.
Swathes of territory were subsequently seized by anti-junta forces, but the rebels have come under Chinese pressure to make concessions to the military. Beijing has also sent jets and drones to the junta, which is increasingly reliant on airpower, according to the U.S.-based Stimson Centre think-tank.
China, which has major investments in Myanmar, last year brokered a ceasefire, opens new tab for the junta to return to Lashio, a northeastern town housing a regional military command.
More than 200 km to the north, some 5,000 KIA and allied personnel have been involved in the offensive for Bhamo, according to a KIA commander with direct knowledge of the fighting.
Losing Bhamo would cut off the military's land and river access to parts of Kachin and neighbouring region, isolating its troops housed at military bases there and weakening its control over northern trade routes, according to Maj. Naung Yoe, who defected from the junta after the coup.
The junta spokesperson's office told Reuters that China may have held talks with the KIA, but it did not respond to a question about whether it had asked Beijing to threaten a blockade.
"China may have been exerted pressure and offered incentives to the KIA," it said in a statement.
Beijing first advised the rebels to pull back from Bhamo during negotiations in early December, according to the KIA official.
Instead of withdrawing from Bhamo after those talks, the KIA doubled down, according to the commander and the official.
The International Institute for Strategic Studies think-tank said in a May briefing that the battle for Bhamo had cost the KIA significant resources and hundreds of casualties.
Beijing became more confrontational during further discussions that took place in spring, when its representatives threatened to stop rare-earth purchases, the official said.
A disruption in the movement of heavy rare earths from Kachin could lead to a deficit in the global market by the end of the year, said Neha Mukherjee of U.K.-based consultancy Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.
Supplies of the critical minerals outside China were already constrained, she said: "In the short term, during the brief disruption period, prices outside of China could shoot up higher."
BATTLE FOR BHAMO
The KIA has pushed junta troops into a handful of isolated pockets, according to the commander.
But the junta retains air superiority and has devastated large parts of Bhamo with relentless airstrikes, according to the KIA official, the commander and a former resident of the town.
The junta spokesperson's office said it was permitted to strike such sites because the KIA had been using them for military purposes, though it did not provide evidence.
Nathan Ruser, an analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute think-tank who has reviewed satellite imagery of Bhamo, said much of the damage across the town appeared to be from airstrikes.
Airstrikes have killed civilians including children and destroyed schools and places of worship, according to Khon Ja, a Kachin activist from Bhamo who said her home had been bombed.
"I don't know for how long that the revolutionary groups will be able to resist Chinese pressure," she said, adding that existing border restrictions had led to shortages of petrol and medicine in Kachin.
Despite the obstacles, KIA leaders believe capturing Bhamo would shift momentum in their favour and strengthen public support.
If the ethnic army were to take control of the entire state, then Beijing would have no option but to negotiate and sideline the junta, the commander and the official said.
"China, which needs rare earths, can only tolerate this for a limited time," the commander said.
Additional reporting by Liz Lee and Chen Xiuhao in Beijing; Editing by Katerina Ang
